A fuel cell powered smartphone could be left on standby for one week, rather than 12 days for a lithium batterypowered phone. Hjuler nkt research center, dk2605 brndby, denmark c. The electrodes are composed by dispersed platinum particles on a porous graphitic substrate 15. In situ formed phosphoric acidphosphosilicate nanoclusters.
The mixed electrolytes show a higher thermal stability than pure pa, which is dehydrated. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs use an electrolyte composed by concentrated phosphoric acid h 3 po 4 dispersed in a silicon carbide matrix. Phosphoric acid fuel cells request pdf researchgate. The present study reports a new series of electrolytes for nonhumidified intermediate temperature fuel cells itfcs. Electrolyte additives for phosphoric acid fuel cells xiao gang materials science group, chemistry department a, the technical university of denmark, dk2800 lyngby, denmark h. Of the hydrogenoxygen fuel cell systems the most mature is the phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc. Pdf a deep analysis of the fuel cells technologies state of the art has been done in this article.
A fuel cell equipped electric car could power a typical u. Furthermore, the materials must be inexpensive to commercialization. During operation, hydrogen starvation may cause reverse polarization and electrochemical corrosion of the anode material. This implies that phosphoric acid in the electrolyte layer cannot be easily discharged from the fuel cell together with the cell exhaust gas, although even such. Inks were created to replicate the components of the fuel cell, which means that the anode, cathode, catalyst and electrolyte are all made of ink, rather than traditional fuel cell materials. Molten carbonate and phosphoric acid stationary fuel cells. Phosphoric acid fuel cells an overview sciencedirect. Molten carbonate fuel cells use an electrolyte that. High power density, low weight and volume compared to the other fuel cells. An evaluation of air breathing phosphoric acid matrix fuel cell units was carried out. It operates at 150190c and pressure ranging from ambient to 5 atm.
Developed in the mid1960s and fieldtested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Low temperature fuel cell advantages quick startup to operating temperature 100c wide range of cell construction materials high temperature fuel cell advantages fuel flexibility via internal fuel reforming inexpensive, base metal electrocatalysts easier heat recovery for increased efficiency intermediate temperature fuel cells. Utc has manufactured and installed more than 250 200kw pafc power plants worldwide. Minh, in science and engineering of hydrogenbased energy technologies, 2019. Fuel cells environmental and energy study institute. A comparative study of phosphoric aciddoped mpbi membranes. Molten carbonate fuel cell mcfc, solid oxide fuel cell sofc are explained, describing.
Collecting the history of phosphoric acid fuel cells. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. The electricity production in pafc phosphoric acid fuel cell is accompanied by approximately equal amount of heat generation. The electrodes of a pafc cell are made from porous carbon paper to which a catalyst is applied. The phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc is considered the first generation of modern fuel cells. The essay below outlines the technology and history of phosphoric acid fuel cells.
Phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc anodes accelerate the hydrogen oxidation reaction. Phosphoric acid fuel cells an overview sciencedirect topics. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs have been commercialized successfully and used for stationary applications with a combined heat and power efficiency of about 80%. Heat transfer in a phosphoric acid fuel cell stack springerlink. Alkasab cleveland state university cleveland, ohio 44115 may 1984 prepared for national aeronautics and space administration lewis research center cleveland, ohio 445 under grant ncc317 for u. The term fuel cell is often used to refer to the entire stack, as well as to the individual cell.
Kurzweil, in encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources, 2009. Dmfc, alkaline fuel cells afc, phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc, molten carbonate fuel. A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Highgrade 73120 deg c 162 kw lowgrade 3641 deg c 292 kw 460kw electricity 500kw heat 90% system efficiency 98% availability 6mg. The fuel cell an energy conversion device that can efficiently capture and use the power of hydrogen is the key to making it happen. They are quite resistant to poisoning by carbon monoxide but tend to have lower efficiency than other fuel cell types in producing electricity. Request pdf phosphoric acid fuel cells the phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc is the most developed of the common competing types of technology that. Fuel cell technologies program fuel cells hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be used to power nearly every enduse energy need. Manual of phosphoric acid fuel cell power plant cost model and computer program chengyi lu and kalil a. Two others, alkaline fuel cell afc and carbonate fuel cell mcfc have basic electrolytes that rely on the transport of oh and co 3 ions, respectively.
Development of novel anodic and cathodic materials applied in. There is a pdf file available on the internet that provides stepbystep. Phosphoric acid fuel cells are around 85 percent efficient when they are used for the generation of heat and electricity. Figure 51 principles of operation of phosphoric acid fuel cell courtesy of utc. The storage and transfer of phosphoric acid is the same for all the acids and does not depend on the method of production. High performance direct methanol catalysts please click on the link below to figure out which is the best catalyst for your application. Because the temperature gradient, both in the direction of stacking and in the cell plate, affects the cell performance. Manual of phosphoric acid fuel cell power plant cost model. Capable of running on a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and biogas, fuel cells can provide clean power for applications ranging from less than a watt to multiple megawatts. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs consist of an anode and a cathode made of a finely dispersed platinum catalyst on carbon and a silicon carbide structure that holds the phosphoric acid electrolyte. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs operate at 150220 c, using a 100% phosphoric acid electrolyte retained in a silicon carbide matrix.
Fundamentals and applications phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc currently represent one of the fuel cell. Cells were life tested with synthetic steam reformate at about 150c. Fuel cells fuel cells are the most energy efficient devices for extracting power from fuels. For the best performance and efficient operation of the fuel cell stack, temperature distribution in the fuel cell stack should be controlled. The number of units built exceeds any other fuel cell technology, with over 85 mw of demonstrators that have been tested, are being tested, or are being fabricated worldwide.
Distributed generation suitable for chp increased tolerance to fuel impurities expensive catalysts long startup time sulfur sensitivity. The cell voltage is thus maintained below 800 millivolts, preferably between 300 and 500 millivolts, during such periods. Department of energy doe chartered the phosphoric acid fuelcell p afc bus program to demonstrate the feasibility of fuel cells in heavyduty transportation systems. To increase the voltage, individual fuel cells are combined in series to form a stack.
They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. If you cant find the catalyst that you need on our website please do not hesitate to contact us. However, there is still a lot of room for improvements in this technology through further research and development. Pafc systems use primarily pt as catalyst both for hydrogen and oxygen electrodes. The key to a hydrogen economy ammonia fuel cell systems. Key companies covered in phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc. Stationary fuel cell power plants based upon phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc technology have been under development at united technologies corporation utc since the 1970s. The electrode material is carbon coated with a platinum catalyst. Structure and properties of polymer electrolyte membranes. Phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc the phosphoric acid fuel cell has a separator with phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. The latter is normally platinum or a platinum alloy.
The anode materials must be stable at high operating temperature in phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid fuel cells use liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte the acid is contained in a teflonbonded silicon carbide matrixand porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum catalyst. Safcell solid acid fuel cells convert fuel into electricity. Phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc anodes accelerate the hydrogen oxidation reaction rate in phosphoric acid. An overview of fuel cells currently under development. This series of new mixed electrolytes, composed of phosphoric acid pa and diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate dematfo, was designed as nonhumidified itfc electrolytes. Whereas phosphoric acid does not attack glass at room temperature, glass is attacked by hot phosphoric acid 102, 103 although not suitable for a material of construction, glass is used routinely for laboratory testing of phosphoric acid fuel cell electrodes. Think of a fuel cell like a battery in that it provides continuous dc electricity from a chemical reaction. Phosphonic acid groups are considered feasible anhydrous proton conducting moieties due to the high degree of proton selfdissociation arising from their intrinsic amphoteric character and high. The anodes of fuel cells in a fuel cell stack are passivated during no load, hothold periods by directing a stream of desulfurized natural gas through the anode side of the cells in the stack. Us5419978a phosphoric acid fuel cell passivation with. The phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc was the first fuel cell technology to be commercialized. It operates at 150190c and pressure ranging from ambient. Electrolyte additives for phosphoric acid fuel cells.
A fuel cell gives more bang per energy buck than a similarlysized battery. Aminofunctional polybenzimidazole blends with enhanced. This analysis includes fuel cell assemblies of various types, namely proton exchange membrane fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells and molten carbon fuel cells, having dimensions of power generation systems with generated power ranging from 5 kw up to 2. Pafc pemfc 1 phosphoric acid fuel cell proton exchange or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell 2 first commercially available fuel cell produced by utc fuel cells 1st generation fuel cell. Role of phosphoric acid fuel cell as a bridging technology.
Fundamentals and applications phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc currently represent one of the fuel cell technologies that have been demonstrated in. There are four primary types of fuel cells that are used for stationary combined heat and power chp applications. The cell constants were determined using a standard 0. However, phosphoric acid fuel cells are less efficient when they are used to generate only electricity.
1424 822 1474 40 830 48 216 1045 258 520 496 951 810 923 56 1335 1614 924 696 1263 919 1341 1683 1663 1476 309 1597 395 261 537 768 1164 5 11 312 433 684